A Tale of Two Viruses: Seroepidemiological and a Cross-Sectional Insights into HIV/HBV Coinfection in Selected Hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55677/IJCSMR/V3I10-01/2023Keywords:
Antibodies, Coinfection, HBV, HIV, Rivers State, NigeriaAbstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a circular DNA virus with humans serving as the only reservoir, remains a worldwide public health problem. The similarity in transmission routes for HBV and HIV makes co-infection very common. Thus, this study aimed at unveiling the seroepidemiological patterns of HBV coinfections among HIV-infected individuals in some selected hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 HIV-infected individuals attending ART clinics at selected hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. Sociodemographic data were collected based on interviewer-based questionnaire, and clinical history was obtained from participants' medical records. Serological analysis for HBsAg was done using ELISA method.
Results: Of the 350 HIV-infected patients, 9(2.6%) were positive for HBsAg. The majority of HIV/HBV coinfected participants were in age groups >41 (3.7%), females (2.9%), singles (3.0%), tertiary education holders (3.5%), and business owners (1.1%) as shown in Table 1. Furthermore, immunological and virological markers analysis revealed that HBV seropositivity is more common with patients having CD4 count of 350-499 cells/mm3 (6.2%) and viral loads as target not detected (TND) with 5.4%.
Conclusion: This study observed an HIV/HBV coinfection rate of 2.6% which has further confirmed the persistence of HIV/HBV co-infection in Rivers State, Nigeria. Ongoing and persistent public health interventions among the study population are thereby advocated.
References
Adesegun, O. A., Olaniran, O. H., Bamidele, E., Inyang, J. N., Adegbe, M., Binuyo, T. O., Ehioghae, O., Adeyemi, O., Oyebisi, O., Idowu, A. O., & Ajose, O. (2020). HIV-hepatitis co-infection in a rural community in Northern Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal, 36, 352. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.36.352.23978
Akindigh TM, Joseph AO, Robert CO, Okojokwu OJ, Okechalu JN, Anejo-Okopi JA. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus co-infection among HIV-1-positive patients in North-Central Nigeria: The urgent need for surveillance. Afr J Lab Med. 2019;8(1), a622. https://doi. org/10.4102/ajlm.v8i1.622
Bhattarai M, Baniya JB, Aryal N, Shrestha B, Rauniyar R, Adhikari A, Koirala P, Oli PK, Pandit RD, Stein DA, & Gupta BP. (2018). Epidemiological Profile and Risk Factors for Acquiring HBV and/or HCV in HIV-Infected Population Groups in Nepal. Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2018, Article ID 9241679, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9241679
Cookey, T. I., Odenigbo, K. C., Okonko, B. J. & Okonko, I. O. (2022). Prevalence of HBsAg among patients attending a tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Science Research Archive, 03(02), 125–134
Cyrille NDO, Jaccotting Thierry E N, Symphorien E, Clemence O, Dieu¬donné A. Hepatitis B and C, HIV, Syphi¬lis Seroprevalences and Asymptomatic Carriage of Hemoparasites Among Blood Donors at the Douala General Hospital in Cameroon, Central Africa. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 18(5)-2019. BJSTR. MS.ID.003227.
Falade-Nwulia O, Seaberg EC, Rinaldo CR, Badri S, Witt M, Thio CL. Comparative risk of liver-related mortality from chronic hepatitis B versus chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55:507-513
Gedefie A, Seid A, Fenta GM, Tilahun M, Shibabaw A & Ali A. (2023). Hepatitis B and C virus infections and associated factors among HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis patients in public health facilities, Northeast Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Medicine 11: 1–12
Ihongbe J. C., Enitan S.S., Dada M. O., Ofem O. G., Effiong E. J., Kemiki O. A., Ogbonna A. F. (2022). Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Serological markers among Adult HIV Positive Female Patients on HAART in Ogun State, Nigeria. Qeios ID: YLB5K9, pp:1-25. https://doi.org/10.32388/YLB5K9
Lawal, M. A., Adeniyi, O. F., Akintan, P. E., Salako, A. O., Omotosho, O. S., & Temiye, E. O. (2020). Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B and C viral co-infections in HIV-infected children in Lagos, Nigeria. PloS one, 15(12), e0243656. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243656
Lok A. Hepatitis B virus infection and liver transplantation. J Virol. 2005;24: 112–114.
Matthews PC, Geretti AM, Goulder PJ, Klenerman P. Epidemiology and impact of HIV coinfection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of clinical virology, 2014; 61(1): 20-33.
Musa BM, Bussell S, Borodo MM, Samaila AA, Femi OL. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria, 2000–2013: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2015;18(2):163–172. https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.151035
Nnakenyi, I. D., Uchechukwu, C., & Nto-Ezimah, U. (2020). Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in HIV positive patients attending a health institution in southeast Nigeria. African health sciences, 20(2), 579–586. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.5
Ojide CK, Kalu EI, Ogbaini-Emevon E, Nwadike VU. Co-infections of hepatitis B and C with human immunodeficiency virus among adult patients attending human immunodeficiency virus outpatients clinic in BeninCity, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2015; 18:516-521
Okonko, I. & Shaibu, N. (2023). HIV/HBV Coinfections Among People Living With HIV/AIDS in Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria. Qeios, CC-BY 4.0, p.1-21• Article, March 7, 2023, doi:10.32388/VWR1G1.
Okonko, I. O., Asagba, O. H., Okonko, B. J. & Baeka, G. B. (2023a). Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection Amongst HIV-Infected Patients in Capitol Hill Hospital, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Cancer Biology, 13(1):1-12
Okonko, I.O., Adewuyi, S.A., Omatsone, C. & Cookey, T.I. (2020). Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Among HIV Positive Fresh Undergraduate Students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Research and Reports in Gastroenterology, 3(3): 8-13
Okonko, I.O., Biragbara, M. T., Cookey, T. I., Okonko, B. J., Adim, C. C. & Innocent-Adiele, H. C. (2023b). Serological Evidence of HBV, HCV and HEV Infection Among ART-Naïve HIV-1 Infected Individuals in a Tertiary Health Facility in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, from 2016 – 2017. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development (AJMRD), 5(04):48-57
Okonko, I.O., Okobia, V. C., Cookey, T. I., & Innocent-Adiele, H. C. (2022). Dual Positivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) In the Highly Infected Population of Rivers State, Nigeria. Report & Opinion, 14(10):1-9
Opaleye OO, Oluremi AS, Ogbolu DO, Babalola BA, Shittu T, AdesiyanAA. Prevalence of hepatitis-B virus infection among HIV patients in Ikole Ekiti, South–Western, Nigeria. Asian Pac. J. Health Sci., 2014; 1(4): 507-511.
Oti VB, Mohammed IH, Ibrahim Y, Ibrahim C, Orok I, et al. (2021) Epidemiologic Survey of HBV, HCV and HIV Infections in a Pregnant Women Population in Central Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Infect Dis Epidemiol 7:194. doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510194
Precious DN, B Olumide O, Temitope ST, Seth AT, Dawa BA, Yanan BT, et al. (2022). Hepatitis B and C Co-Infection among HIV-Positive Patients Attending ART at General Hospital Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria. J Immuno Allerg. 2022; 3(2):1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37191/Mapsci-2582-6549-3 (2)-038
Rai RR, Mathur A, Mathur D, Udawat HP, Nepalia S, Nijhawan S. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B & C in HIV patients infected through sexual transmission. Tropical Gastroenterological Journal, 2007; 28(1): 19–23.
Sharma SKJ, Saini N, Chwla Y. Hepatitis B. Virus: Inactive. Curr Immunol J. 2005;2:82.
Stabinski L, O'Connor S, Barnhart M, Kahn RJ, Hamm TE. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis B virus co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa and the potential impact and program feasibility of hepatitis B surface antigen screening in resource-limited settings. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2015; 68: S274-S285.
Ugwu, C. H., Oketah, E. N., Okerentugba, P. O., Frank-Peterside, N., & Okonko, I. O. (2023a). Co-infection of Hepatitis B among HIV-infected patients: A cross-sectional study from A University Teaching hospital in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences (JCRMHS), 4(3):1-6
Ugwu, C. H., Oketah, E. N., Okerentugba, P. O., Frank-Peterside, N., & Okonko, I. O. (2023b). Serological Evidence of HIV/HBV Co-infection among HIV-infected patients in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23(03):001-008
Wandeler G, Gsponer T, Bihl F, Bernasconi E, Cavassini M, Kovari H, Yerly S. Hepatitis B virus infection is associated with impaired immunological recovery during antiretroviral therapy in the Swiss HIV cohort study. The Journal of infectious diseases, 2013; 208(9): 1454-1458.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper, July 2017. Recommendations. Vaccine, 37(2): 223-225.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Clinical Science and Medical Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
